哲学词汇，常用哲学术语

果果英语网 2023-07-31

哲学词汇？哲学家专有名词 1 辩证法（dialectic）一种被黑格尔和马克思大加使用的哲学方法，在辩证法中，矛盾之间互相对抗以达到真理。辩证法的起源可以在古希腊哲学中找到。2 白板（tabula rasa）洛克哲学中的术语。那么，哲学词汇？一起来了解一下吧。

哲理的词语

pragmatism

A movement consisting of varying but associated theories, originally developed by Charles S. Peirce and William James and distinguished by the doctrine that the meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences.

empiricism

The theory that all concepts emanate from experience and that all statements claiming to express knowledge must be based on experience rather than on theory. Valid statements must be based on what can be proved to exist, not on what appears to exist. This is known as ontological privilege since ontology relates to the being or essence of things. Such statements must be able to be declared true or false without reference to theoretical statements. This is epistemological privilege since epistemology is the study of knowledge. Knowledge is held to be substantiated by justification derived from observed facts.

rationalism

Philosophical view that regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge. Rationalism has long been the rival of empiricism, the doctrine that all knowledge of matters of fact ultimately derives from, and must be tested by, sense experience. As against this doctrine, rationalism holds reason to be a faculty that can lay hold of truths beyond the reach of sense perception, both in certainty and in generality. In stressing the existence of a "natural light," rationalism also has been the rival of systems claiming esoteric knowledge, whether from mystical experience, revelation, or intuition, and has been opposed to various irrationalisms that tend to stress the biological, the emotional or volitional, the unconscious, or the existential at the expense of the rational.

absolutism

Originally (1733) a theological concept referring to God's total power to decide about salvation. Extended to politics indicating a regime in which the ruler might legitimately decide anything. Usually applied to monarchical regimes of the early modern period, chiefly that of Louis XIV of France, although the term was not used politically until towards the end of the eighteenth century when many such regimes were about to disappear. Unlike tyrannies, absolutist regimes are usually seen to have been legitimate, as indicated by Louis XVI of France in November 1788, just before the French Revolution, when he said to his cousin, the duc d'Orléans (father of the future king Louis Philippe, 1830-48), that any decision he made was legal because he willed it. Some contemporary historians deny that absolutism ever referred to an unlimited power or authority, but was always restricted by traditions and practices which effectively limited its scope.

Dogmatism

Dogmatism denies the relativity of knowledge and the connection of knowledge to historically changing practice and social relations. Dogmatism couplies these denials with the practice of treating knowledge as something abstract, not to be touched by additional input or real world experience. Dogmatism is thinking which minimises the validity of doubt (See Scepticism), asserting the possibility of certain and unalterable knowledge of the world.

哲学术语有哪些

1感性杂多：康德认为我们认识到的事物是由理性和感性共同参与获得的，比如一个皮球，感官能感知到这个皮球的各种属性，如颜色，质地等，这些就是感性杂多，因为这些属性还不能构成关于皮携一个皮球的认识，而要靠理性去组织这些感性杂多才能构成皮球扒握辩。

2 实践理性：实践即人的行动，人的行动由什么决定呢，康德认为就是实践理性。基本上和意志或情感同义（康德的书我没看过，所以这点你最好再参考别的资料）

3先天：生来就具有的能力。康德认为人先天具有把感性杂多组织成经验的能力，这个能力基本是指用时间和空间理解事物的能力。

4先验：即逻辑上先于经验。人们在认识一个事物时，如一个球，在逻辑上先要有把感性杂多组织起来的能力，才能得到关于一个球的经验。

5自然律和自然法：应该是指身处自然界中需要遵守的规律和法则，然而康德认为人除了要遵守自然律，还另有一套绝对的法则需要遵守，就是道德。（最好再参考别春缺的资料)

人生哲学十大经典名言

，辩证法

被黑格尔创造出的哲学方法，后来又被马克思等众多哲学家所运用、发挥。在辩证法中，矛盾之间互相对抗又统一，最后达到真理。辩证法的说法最早起源于古希腊哲学。

2，白板

洛克哲学中的一个术语。洛克认为心灵像一块白板，人在刚出生时心灵是“空白的”，我们所知道的任何东西都必须通过日常经验或感官认识“印上去”，之后才慢慢形成知识，产生思想，进而影响行为。

3，超人

尼采提出的一个概念，尼采认为，在未来有一种人将取代我们普通人，这种人卓越、勇敢、富有超能力，他能超越自我和本我，进入超我，未来的世界要考超人组建。

4，超验的

字面意思是独立存在的。在哲学尤其是宗教哲学中，上帝被认为是超验的，超自然的，是一种经过人的思维意识异化或抽象出来的一个独立概念。他超出人的经验领域，可以做到独立自存，不会随着时间或世握冲俗社会的改变而改变。

5，单子

莱布尼茨发明的名词，指一切不变事物的最终组成部分的非物质实体，除上帝以外，其他一切事物都有单子（原子、分子）构成。

6，狄奥尼索斯式的

艺术、精力和意志中的非理性原则，尼采把它看做酒神精神，有了它人类就有更强的艺术创造力。

7，公意

法国思想家卢梭提出的一个概念，指一个民族集体的愿望和决定。

哲学高级词汇

形而上学：有两种解释，第一种是哲学专业的——就是关于世界本源的学问；第二种是我们考政治、考历史时候遇到的，与辩证法的发展观、联系观相橡吵仿对，认为世界是静止的，孤立的，不变的；梁纤

历史观上：没听说过。不过历史观是指对历史的根本看法，有唯物和唯心之分，唯物主义历史观认为社会存在决定社会意识，唯心主义历史观正好相反，认为社会意识决定社会存在。

否定之分否定：这是马克思主义哲学三大基本规律之一，认为世界是发展的，发展的趋碰慧势是波浪式前进、螺旋式上升，经历否定—肯定—否定之否定的过程，其中否定之否定是过程的核心，是事物自身矛盾运动的结果，矛盾的解决形式。发展是对自身的否定，其实质是一个“扬弃”的过程。

西哲词汇

1，辩证法